Distributionally robust optimization for peer-to-peer energy trading considering data-driven ambiguity sets

Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading provides potential economic benefits to prosumers. The prosumers are responsible for managing their own resources/reserves within the energy community, especially for photovoltaic (PV). However, the intermittency of PV leaves a major issue for the optimal operation of P2P energy trading. This paper proposes a fully data-driven distributionally robust optimization (DRO) for P2P energy trading. Specifically, both the optimization approach and the ambiguity set of DRO are formed in a data-driven fashion. The proposed formulation minimizes the expected operation cost of each prosumer, which is modeled as a DRO problem considering the operational constraints. A decentralized energy negotiation mechanism and market clearing algorithm are proposed for P2P energy trading based on the alternating direction multiplier method. Furthermore, the ambiguity set is formed by deep Gaussian process under the framework of bootstrap aggregating. Finally, the equivalent linear programming reformulations of the proposed DRO model are carried out and solved in a distributed manner. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed DRO-based approach has superior performance for handling the randomness of PV generation compared with robust optimization, stochastic programming, and other DRO variants

A direct investigation of photocharge transfer across monomolecular layer between C60 and CdS quantum dots by photoassisted conductive atomic force microscopy

The composite assembly of C60 and CdS Quantum Dots (QDs) on ITO substrate was prepared by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique using arachic acid (AA), stearic acid (SA) and octadecanyl amine (OA) as additives. Photoassisted conductive atomic force microscopy was used to make point contact current-voltage (I-V) measurements on both the CdS QDs and the composite assembly of C60/CdS. The result make it clear that the CdS, C60/CdS assemblies deposited on ITO substrate showed linear characteristics and the current increased largely under illumination comparing with that in the dark. The coherent, nonresonant tunneling mechanism was used to explain the current occurrence. It is considered that the photoinduced carriers CdS QDs tunneled through alkyl chains increased the current rapidly